CNC Programming and Machining

By the end, you can read and write basic G-code and M-code, explain how a CNC machine is set up, and simulate a simple program, and you are ready for formal machining training (this path does not replace an apprenticeship or workplace experience).

Career pathwayAbout 90 hours3 stagesFree

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Career pathway. This is a regulated career. Online learning gives you strong foundations and a clear plan, but you will need to study and register formally to work in it. The route is explained on this page.

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CNC (computer numerical control) machining uses programmed machines to cut metal and plastic parts very accurately, and CNC programmers write the G-code or use CAM software to control them. South African manufacturers in automotive, mining and tooling use CNC machines and need people who can set up and program them.

Turn on JavaScript to track your progress. The lessons are:FoundationsUnderstand what CNC machines do, how axes and coordinates work, and the purpose of G-codes and M-codes.Task: Make a reference sheet of at least 12 common codes (for example G00, G01, G02, G03, G17, G20, G21, G28, G90, G91, M03, M05, M06, M08, M30) with what each does. Sketch the X, Y and Z axes of a vertical mill and show the direction of each.Core skillsWrite and read simple manual programs for mills and lathes, including tool changes, speeds and feeds.Task: Write a G-code program in metric (G21, G90) that mills a 50 mm x 30 mm rectangle pocket outline at 2 mm depth. Run it in a free online G-code simulator (such as NC Viewer) and take a screenshot. Explain each line of your program.Applied practiceSee how CAD/CAM software and real machine setups are used to make complete parts.Task: Pick one part from the Titans of CNC Academy and write a setup sheet for it: material and stock size, workholding, tool list with speeds and feeds, work offset (zero point) and the order of operations. Explain how you would check the first part for accuracy.

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What competent looks like

Can explain machine axes, work offsets and absolute versus incremental positioning
Can write a simple metric G-code program for a profile or pocket and explain each line
Can work out spindle speed and feed rate for a given tool and material
Can verify a program in a simulator before it goes to a machine
Can write a clear setup sheet for a part

The South African route

There is no separate regulated CNC licence, but employers usually expect a machining trade background such as fitter and turner or toolmaker (listed trades in the merSETA sector, qualified through an apprenticeship or learnership and a trade test), or a learnership that includes CNC operation. A portfolio of programs and simulated parts helps you get started as an operator.

Free resources

TITANS of CNC Academy (free CAD/CAM and CNC training)
TITANS of CNC
merSETA artisan development and learnerships
merSETA

These links go to free courses and sites run by other organisations. We chose them in October 2026 but do not run them, so check costs, dates and entry requirements on their site. Broken link? Tell us.

Jobs it can lead to

CNC machine operator
Apprentice fitter and turner or toolmaker
CNC setter assistant
CAM programming assistant
Quality inspection assistant